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AMST BC 2001: Third World Studies

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Critically Evaluating Infromation: PAARC Test

There is no formula for sussing out misinformation, read widely, and think critically.  Check out Our Guide to Misinformation developed by librarians at Barnard and Columbia. It's a deeper dive into thinking about misinformation and media. 

The box below is about the "PAARC" text. Basically, it just outlines some questions you can ask yourself about any given source. The  PAARC Test was originally developed by the Meriam Library at the University of California, Chico, this information was adopted from Marianopolis Colleges' guide to guide, Performing Academic Research

An authoritative source will have a clear, unbiased reason for existing.

  • Are the authors’ purposes and goals clear?
  • Is the source trying to inform, teach, persuade, entertain, or sell a product?
  • Does the language and tone seem unbiased and objective, or is it subjective, emotional, and personal?
  • Is there evidence of bias? Does the source or publisher represent a particular point of view?
  • Is it possible to determine who funds the organization that produced the source? Does the author or publisher stand to gain something for the position they chose on the topic?
  • Are there excessive amounts of advertisements?

An authoritative source will identify its authors and their credentials.

  • Is the author of the text clearly indicated?
  • Are the author’s credentials (degree, profession, experience, etc.) indicated?
  • Are the author’s credentials relevant to the topic?
  • Does the author have any particular organizational affiliations (universities, government, etc. )?
  • Does the author or publisher provide any contact information (e-mail, telephone, mailing address)?
  • For websites: Does the URL reveal anything about the author or host (eg: .com, .edu, .org, .gc.ca)?

An authoritative source will provide reliable, correct information.

  • What is the source of the information provided?
  • Does the source provide evidence to back up its claims? Can this evidence be independently verified in other sources (references, links, etc.)?
  • Is the text free from spelling, grammar or typographical errors? Is the source free from factual errors?
  • Is there anything else suspicious about the source?
  • For websites: Is the host of the page clearly identified? Is the host well-known and can the host’s identity be independently verified (e.g. via Google)?
  • For scholarly sources: has the information been peer-reviewed?

In addition to being authoritative, a source must also be relevant to your particular needs.

  • Does the information relate to your topic or answer your question(s)?
  • Who is the intended audience? Is the text at an appropriate level for academic research?
  • Have you looked at a range of sources before determining this is the one you will use?
  • Would you be comfortable citing this source in a research paper?

The timeliness of the information provided by a source can be very important.

  • Is the date of publication indicated?
  • Is the date when the source was last revised or updated indicated? Was it updated recently?
  • Does your topic require current information, or will older sources work as well?
  • Is there more recent information on the topic, and if so does it differ from the information provided in the source you are evaluating?
  • For websites: are the links on the page up-to-date? Do they function properly?